- The Old Iron Age, or the Hallstatt, occurred after a period of unrest and migration from the end of the Bronze Age when iron came into daily use
- From the end of the ninth century BC, various ethnic groups were formed that marked the protohistoric period of the central Balkans, and whose names have remained recorded in historical sources
- The pronounced social stratification and rise of the tribal aristocracy are illustrated by the Athenian necropolis, where graves with numerous luxurious and imported objects were discovered in two large mounds, which indicates that this area was open to the Greek world during the sixth and fifth centuries BC
